History Browser

The tradition of raising the May pole in front of the Militia captain's house, which began in the era of New France, went on in French Canada until the middle of the 19th century.

This aerial view shows Fort Prince of Wales, just across the Churchill river from present-day Churchill, Manitoba. Its construction began in 1717. The fort was taken without a fight by a French expedition to Hudson Bay in 1782. It was said to be the only sizeable bastioned stone fort on the Arctic Ocean. Its walls were restored in the 1950s. (Parks Canada)

King Louis XV of France (1710–1774) is shown wearing the royal robes. Around his neck are the collars and insignia of two orders of chivalry - the Spanish Order of the Golden Fleece, and the French Order of Saint-Louis. The white 8-pointed cross of the latter order was awarded to many Canadain soldiers during the French regime in Canada. (Library and Archives Canada, C-000604)

The third fort on this site, construction began on Fort Chambly in 1709. It was made of stone and looked rather like a castle. This made it different from the low-lying, bastioned fortresses of Europe. The fort was built to be impressive and all but impregnable to Indian enemies and raiding American colonials. The fort wall facing the Richelieu River was pierced for artillery. During the War of 1812, Fort Chambly was the HQ for British and Canadian troops guarding the area south of Montreal against an advance by American armies. The complex fell into ruins during the 19th century. Its walls were stabilized in 1885 when it was made a Canadian government historic park. Recognized as a unique surviving example of military architecture, Fort Chambly was given a major restoration in the 1980s by Parks Canada. This returned the fort to its appearance of the mid-18th century.

These men show the sort of clothing that Canadian militiamen would have worn on service during the first half of the 18th century. At centre is a Militia captain, identified by the sword he carries and the gilt gorget he wears around his neck. This officer is also equipped to fight, with a powder horn and musket. The other three figures are common soldiers, armed with muskets and wearing the style of coat known as a capot. Reconstruction by Francis Back. (Parks Canada)

De Jordy de Cabanac was an officer in the Compagnies franches de la Marine. This painting shows him as he would have appeared around 1720, wearing the white cross that marks him as a member of the Royal and Military Order of Saint Louis. (Library and Archives Canada C-010540)

The ‘cat of nine tails’ was a whip used to flog soldiers. This one was used in the British 83rd Regiment of Foot. The length of the wooden stick was 43cm (1' 5"), its tails 53cm (1' 9"), and it weighed 141,75 g. (5 ounces). (Library of the Canadian Department of National Defence)

These Amerindian warriors show some of the variations of appearance to be seen in the first half of the 18th century. Despite their adoption of many European weapons and articles of clothing, the first nations preserved a resolutely Amerindian look by integrating all this with their tattoos and body paint. The central figure is a chief. Reconstruction by David Rickman. (Canadian Department of National Defence)

In 1722, the Board of Ordnance created a pattern of smoothbore flintlock musket for use on 'land service' by the British army. Gunsmiths all over Britain worked to this 'Tower' pattern (named after the Tower of London, where the Ordnance headquarters were) to produce weapons. Over the years, British soldiers gave their musket the nickname 'Brown Bess'. The 'Land Service' musket was the standard British infantry weapon during the Seven Years' War, but the experience from fighting in North American showed a shorter weapon was needed. In 1768, this new, shorter, musket was introduced, and the old weapon became known as the 'Long Land' pattern. Model 1722 weapons were used until they eventually wore out. In North America, Long Land muskets were used by the British Army, the American Militia and (after capture) by the French and Canadians. (Parks Canada)

The Marquis de Vaudreuil was a former officer of the régiment des Mousquetaires in the royal guard of the King of France. Appointed Governor General of New France in 1703, Philippe de Rigauld de Vaudreuil (circa 1643 – 1725) ably organized the defence of Canada with slim resources during the War of Spanish Succession (or 'Queen Anne’s war'). From 1713 until his death in 1725, he consolidated the French territorial gains in the Great Lakes and upper Mississippi. In 1742, de Vaudreuil's son Pierre de Rigauld de Vaudreuil de Cavagnial, Marquis de Vaudreuil, followed in his father's footsteps and became the only Canadian-born Governor General of New France. (Library and Archives Canada C-010614)